IL-1 beta ELISA kits for Dog and Horse

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) was one of the first cytokines ever described. Its initial discovery was as a factor that could induce fever, control lymphocytes, increase the number of bone marrow cells and cause degeneration of bone joints. At that time, IL-1 was known under several other names including endogenous pyrogen, lymphocyte activating factor, haemopoetin-1 and mononuclear cell factor. It was around 1984-1985 when scientists confirmed that IL-1 was actually composed of two distinct proteins, now called IL-1α and IL-1β.[1]

The original members of the IL-1 superfamily are IL-1α, IL-1β, and the IL-1 Receptor antagonist (IL-1RA). IL-1α and -β are pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in immune defense against infection. The IL-1RA is a molecule that competes for receptor binding with IL-1α and IL-1β, blocking their role in immune activation. Recent years have seen the addition of other molecules to the IL-1 superfamily including IL-18[2] and six more genes with structural homology to IL-1α, IL-1β or IL-1RA. These latter six members are named IL1F5, IL1F6, IL1F7, IL1F8, IL1F9, and IL1F10. In accord, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-1RA have been renamed IL1F1, IL1F2, and IL1F3, respectively.[3][4]

Both IL-1α and IL-1β are produced by macrophages, monocytes, fibroblasts and dendritic cells. They form an important part of the inflammatory response of the body against infection. These cytokines increase the expression of adhesion factors on endothelial cells to enable transmigration of leukocytes to sites of infection and re-set the hypothalamus thermoregulatory center, leading to an increased body temperature which expresses itself as fever. IL-1 is also important in the regulation of hematopoiesis. IL-1β production in peripheral tissue has also been associated with hyperalgesia (increased sensitivity to pain) associated with fever.[5]

For the most part, these two forms of IL-1 bind to the same cellular receptor. This receptor is composed of two related, but non-identical, subunits that transmit intracellular signals via a pathway that is mostly shared with certain other receptors. These include the Toll family of innate immune receptors and the receptor for IL-18.

Background References

1. Dinarello CA (1994). "The interleukin-1 family: 10 years of discovery". Faseb J. 8 (15): 1314–25.

2. Huising MO, Stet RJ, Savelkoul HF, Verburg-van Kemenade BM (2004). "The molecular evolution of the interleukin-1 family of cytokines; IL-18 in teleost fish". Dev. Comp. Immunol. 28 (5): 395–413.

3. Sims JE, Nicklin MJ, Bazan JF, Barton JL, Busfield SJ, Ford JE, Kastelein RA, Kumar S, Lin H, Mulero JJ, Pan J, Pan Y, Smith DE, Young PR (2001). "A new nomenclature for IL-1-family genes". Trends Immunol. 22 (10): 536–7.

4. Dunn E, Sims JE, Nicklin MJ, O'Neill LA (2001). "Annotating genes with potential roles in the immune system: six new members of the IL-1 family". Trends Immunol. 22 (10): 533–6.

5. Morgan MM, Clayton CC, Heinricher MM (2004). "Dissociation of hyperalgesia from fever following intracerebroventricular administration of interleukin-1beta in the rat". Brain Res. 1022 (1-2): 96–100.

Dog IL-1 beta ELISA Kit  E44-800

 
Horse IL-1 beta ELISA Kit  E77-805